Cinco de Mayo, a holiday celebrated by Mexicans and Mexican Americans, commemorates the victory of a Mexican army over a French army at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. Its name is Spanish for Fifth of May. These performers in Mexico City celebrate the holiday with a re-enactment of the battle. Credit: © Jorge Uzon, AFP/Getty Images

Today, May 5, is Cinco de Mayo, a holiday celebrated in Mexico and in many communities throughout the United States. Cinco de Mayo is Spanish for Fifth of May. Many people know that Cinco de Mayo commemorates the victory of a Mexican army over a French army at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. But few people know much about the battle itself, which took place near Puebla, a city in central Mexico, during a French invasion of Mexico. Mexican forces won the Battle of Puebla, but their victory did not stop the French from taking control of Mexico. A French-supported government led by Emperor Maximilian ruled Mexico from 1864 until 1867, when Maximilian was killed and the Mexican republic was restored.

A statue of former Mexican President Benito Juárez stands in Pachuca, the capital of the state of Hidalgo, in central Mexico. The hills of Pachuca contain deposits of valuable metals such as gold and silver. Credit: © AA World Travel Library/Alamy Images

In April 1862, a force of some 6,000 French troops marched inland from the port city of Veracruz, intending to take Mexico City, the nation’s capital. Puebla lay along the route to the capital, and Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza assembled about 4,800 troops nearby to stop the French advance. On April 28, the French won an initial battle at Acultzingo Pass leading to Puebla. Zaragoza then withdrew to Puebla, which was protected by fortifications on two large hills—Guadalupe and Loreto—and other defenses.

On May 5, 1862, French artillery began bombarding Puebla’s defenses, and an infantry assault soon followed. The French attack failed under the concentrated fire from Puebla’s defenders. A second attack also failed, but the French refused to quit and launched a third attack. It too failed. Suffering heavy casualties (people killed and wounded), the French called off the assault. Mexican cavalry then attacked the French as they attempted to withdraw, inflicting still more casualties. With the battle lost, the French eventually retreated to Orizaba, a city midway between Puebla and Veracruz.

The French suffered nearly 500 casualties at Puebla, including more than 100 killed in action. Mexican losses were about 85 dead and more than 100 wounded. Despite the defeat, the French recovered quickly. After receiving about 30,000 reinforcements the following autumn, the French renewed their march toward Mexico City. The French won the second Battle of Puebla in May 1863 and then pushed on to take Mexico City. Mexican President Benito Juárez was forced into hiding, and the French installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor of Mexico in 1864.

Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph served as emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867. His reign helped lead to the modernization of Mexico. Credit: © Andrew Burgess, Library of Congress

After the bloody American Civil War ended in the spring of 1865, the United States threatened to intervene to remove the French from Mexico. The French then began withdrawing their forces in 1866. At the same time, a resistance movement led by Juárez increased attacks on the French and Mexican troops loyal to Maximilian.

In February 1867, Maximilian and his army withdrew north of Mexico City to the city of Querétaro, where Mexican rebels soon besieged them. In May, Maximilian was betrayed by one of his officers and captured by rebel troops. The emperor—who had ordered all Juárez supporters caught bearing arms to be shot—was himself executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867. The Mexican republic was then restored, and Juárez again became president.

September 21, 2017

Two days ago, on September 19, a powerful 7.1-magnitude earthquake struck central Mexico, collapsing buildings and killing more than 240 people in Mexico City, the capital, and in the states of Guerrero, México, Morelos, Oaxaca, and Puebla. The earthquake struck on the anniversary of a catastrophic 1985 earthquake that killed some 10,000 people in central Mexico. The quake followed another deadly temblor that hit southern Mexico earlier in September 2017.

Rescue workers call for quiet as they search a collapsed building in the Mexico City neighborhood of La Condesa following a powerful 7.1-magnitude earthquake on Sept. 19, 2017. The earthquake toppled buildings and killed more than 240 people in the region. Credit: © Alejandro Cegarra, Bloomberg/Getty Images

The earthquake’s epicenter was near the small Puebla city of Atencingo, about 75 miles (120 kilometers) southeast of Mexico City. The prolonged tremor hit at 1:14 p.m. local time—just two hours after an annual earthquake drill in Mexico City—shaking buildings and frightening people into the streets. Structures collapsed in several cities, obscuring the panicked survivors in dust clouds amid the blaring din of alarm sirens.

Emergency responders rushed to the first scenes of destruction. Unstable rubble and electric power outages hampered rescue efforts, and widespread damage meant many ravaged places went hours without help. Military personnel and civilian volunteers aided emergency workers as they searched through the night for survivors. Sniffer dogs followed human scents, and workers pleaded for silence, hoping to hear the calls of people trapped beneath the destruction. Many people were saved, but the body count rose quickly as splintered wood, shattered masonry, and chunks of concrete were frantically removed. Many people remain missing amid the devastation, and the disaster’s death toll—245 as of this morning—will almost certainly rise.

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On Sept. 19, 2017, a powerful earthquake hit central Mexico, killing more than 240 people in the Federal District of Mexico City and in the states of Guerrero, México, Morelos, Oaxaca, and Puebla. Credit: WORLD BOOK map

In Mexico City, more than 90 people have died, including 21 children and 5 adults killed when an elementary school collapsed in the city’s southern Coapa district. More than 70 people were killed in Morelos, just south of Mexico City, and more than 40 died in the epicenter state of Puebla. On the slopes of Popocatépetl volcano southeast of Mexico City, a church collapsed in the village of Atzitzihuacán, killing 15 people. Throughout the region, scores of buildings fell, ruptured gas lines sparked fires, and falling debris crushed cars on the streets.

Like the earthquake earlier in September in southern Mexico, Tuesday’s temblor struck near the Middle America Trench, a zone in the eastern Pacific Ocean where one slab of Earth’s crust, the Cocos Plate, is sliding beneath the North American Plate—a geological process called subduction. The Middle America Trench is part of the so-called Ring of Fire, an area of high seismic and volcanic activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) issued an orange alert (the second-highest threat level) after Tuesday afternoon’s quake, warning of significant casualties and extensive and widespread damage. The alert was part of the USGS PAGER (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response) system that informs emergency responders, the media, and government and aid agencies of the scope of a potential disaster.

On Sept. 19, 1985, an 8.0-magnitude temblor killed some 10,000 people in Mexico City and nearby areas. About 400 buildings in the capital were destroyed in that disaster, and thousands of others suffered damage. Since then, Mexico has enacted tougher building codes and safety standards—moves that no doubt saved many lives 32 years later.