Stephanie Gilmore of Australia made a splash on her country’s team in the surfing event.
Credit: © Louis Lotter Photography/Shutterstock

Australia is famous for its unique culture, metropolitan cities, and unusual wildlife, among other things. Each week, this seasonal feature will spotlight one of Australia’s many wonders.

Washing up to the shores of Tsurigasaki Beach in Japan is a brand new Olympic event—surfing. The sport made its first appearance at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Representing Australia is the professional surfer Stephanie Gilmore. Gilmore qualified to join the Australian surfing team, called the Irukandjis, for the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. Gilmore dropped in on a poor wave during the women’s surfing event. She was eliminated in the third round on July 26, 2021.

Gilmore has won the Association of Surfing Pros World Title seven times. She has tied the Australian surfer Layne Beachley for most women’s surfing world titles. Gilmore is also known as an activist for equal pay and opportunity for women surfers. Critics have noted her effortless, feminine style.

Stephanie Louise Gilmore was born Jan. 29, 1988, in Murwillumbah, in the northeast of New South Wales, Australia. She began surfing around the age of 10. She started competing in 2005 at the age of 17 as a wild-card competitor. A wild-card competitor is an individual who participates in a competition without qualifying. In 2007, her rookie year as a professional surfer, Gilmore won the world title at the Billabong Pro tournament in Hawaii. She went on to win the world title in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2018. In August 2010, at the age of 22, Gilmore became the youngest person inducted into the Surfers’ Hall of Fame.

In December 2010, Gilmore was attacked outside her home in New South Wales, resulting in a broken wrist and head injury. Her early success, the attack, and her comeback to surfing were the subject of the documentary motion picture Stephanie in the Water (2014).

The blue-ringed octopus, shown in this photograph, is both beautiful and dangerous. The octopus has a venomous bite that has killed several people.
© Richard Merritt, FRPS/Getty Images

Australia is famous for its unique culture, metropolitan cities, and unusual wildlife, among other things. Each week, this seasonal feature will spotlight one of Australia’s many wonders.

What has eight arms and a venomous bite? The blue-ringed octopus. The blue-ringed octopus is a kind of sea animal found in the tropical and subtropical waters of Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Australia, and south Japan. It is recognizable by its psychedelic spots that are ringed with bright blue. The bodies of most blue-ringed octopuses measure about 11/2 to 21/2 inches (4 to 6 centimeters) in diameter. They measure up to about 4 inches (10 centimeters) with their tentacles.

Blue-ringed octopuses like to hide under rocks or in crevices during the day, coming out during the night. Though they inhabit depths as far down as 160 feet (50 meters), you don’t want to get caught near their parrotlike beaks. Sometimes, they bite people. The venom from their salivary glands then enters the wound. Several people have died from bites by these animals. The bite is often painless. A small spot of blood on the skin when the animal is removed may be the only clue that a bite has been sustained. The first effect of the venom is a rapidly developing numbness. Victims often stop breathing, requiring mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Treatment is the same as for snakebite. No specific antidote is available.

The blue-ringed octopuses belong to the genus Hapalochlaena.

Spanish star Olga Carmona scored the only goal in the 2023 Women’s World Cup Championship Game on August 20 at Stadium Australia in Sydney. Spain defeated England 1-0.
Credit: © Chris Putnam, ZUMA Press/Alamy Images

For the first time in history, Spain’s women’s national football team won the FIFA Women’s World Cup. Soccer is called football or association football in much of the world. In a dramatic tournament full of firsts, Spain, ranked number 6 in the tournament, is taking home the trophy. On Sunday, August 20th, England and Spain played in Sydney, Australia, with Spain’s La Roja beating the Lionesses 1 to 0. Spain defeated Sweden 2 to 1 in the semifinals on Tuesday, August 15th. England defeated Australia, the host team, 3 to 1 the following day. The championship match marked the first time either team made it to the final game of the World Cup.

The England Lionesses lost several players due to injury, and one player, Lauren James, was suspended from two games after stepping on the back of a Nigerian player in a match last week. Despite this grim outlook, the team had their eyes on the trophy. Goalkeeper Mary Earps kept England afloat in the final match, but in the end, Spain’s offense bested the team. England wasn’t the only upset in the tournament, as the United States Women’s National Team lost to Sweden in round 16 after winning the last two World Cup tournaments.

La Roja has overcome many obstacles in the last year, surprising many with the World Cup title. In October, players complained about the team’s leadership under coach Jorge Vilda. Many of the players refused to play until changes were made, sitting out their country’s first World Cup match. Spain joins Germany, Japan, Norway, and the United States as the only Women’s World Cup winners since the tournament began in 1991.

In the first half, Spain’s Olga Carmona, a 23-year-old left-back for Real Madrid, scored the only goal of the game. After the game, Carmona discovered her father had passed away a few days before the match. Carmona’s goal in the 19th minute of the game allowed Spain to play confidently, controlling the ball with momentum for the rest of the game. Spain possessed the ball for more of the game and made more attempts on goal and shots on target.

In the second half, England’s playmaker Lauren James began playing after sitting out the first half. Play picked up for England, but La Roja still controlled the game. England’s goalkeeper Mary Earps saved a penalty shot from Spain’s Jennifer Hermoso. While England fought to the last minute, Carmona’s first-half goal remained the only score.

Spain’s Aitana Bonmatí earned the Golden Ball, a trophy presented to the best soccer player in the World Cup finals. Bonmatí, a 25-year-old midfielder, started all seven matches for Spain, scoring three times and supporting teammates with two assists. Earps won the Golden Glove for the tournament as the best goalkeeper in women’s soccer. Spain’s Salma Paralluelo, a 19-year-old left winger, was named Young Player of the Tournament. Japan’s Hinata Miyazawa won the Golden Boot after scoring five goals in the tournament.

Australian soccer player Sam Kerr
Credit: © FiledIMAGE/Shutterstock

If you’ve been following the World Cup, you have probably heard of Australian player Sam Kerr. The star striker returned from sitting out of the games due to a calf injury. Kerr joined the Matildas to defeat Denmark 2 to 0 on Monday, August 7th.

Sam Kerr is an Australian soccer star. Kerr, a striker, represented Australia in the FIFAWorld Cup in 2011, 2015, and 2019. FIFA stands for Fédération Internationale de Football Association (International Federation of Association Football). FIFA is soccer’s world governing body. Soccer is called football in much of the world. In 2019, Kerr became the first Australian to score three goals, a feat known as a hat trick, in a World Cup match.

In 2008, Kerr played her first match in the W-League, the top Australian women’s soccer league, with Perth Glory FC in Western Australia. FC stands for football club. The W-League was renamed the A-League starting in 2022. In 2012, Kerr moved to Sydney FC, a W-League team from New South Wales. She helped Sydney FC win the 2012-2013 W-League championship before returning to Perth in 2014. Kerr also played in the National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL), the top women’s professional soccer league in the United States. She made her NWSL debut in 2013. The Australian and U.S. leagues compete in different months of the year, enabling Kerr to play for both leagues.

In 2020, Kerr left the W-League and the NSWL and joined the Football Association (FA) Women’s Super League in England. With Chelsea FC Woman, a Super League team from London, she won multiple Super League titles and two FA Cups. She is the only female player to earn the Golden Boot, awarded to the top scorer, in three international soccer leagues: the A-League, the NSWL, and the FA Super League.

Samantha May Kerr was born on Sept. 10, 1993, in Fremantle, Western Australia. She grew up playing Australian Rules football. Her father and brother both played Australian Rules football in the Australian Football League (AFL). Kerr switched to soccer when she was around 12 years old.

At age 15, Kerr joined the Australian national women’s team, known as the Matildas. She played in her first international match in 2009. Kerr was named Young Australian of the Year in 2018. In 2022, she was awarded the Order of Australia. Kerr was named captain of the Matildas in 2019. She also represented Australia at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympic Games. The 2020 Tokyo Olympics were held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

U.S. soccer star Alex Morgan
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Acting as co-captain for the United States at her fourth World Cup, Alex Morgan is a leading star soccer player. The 2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup is in Australia and New Zealand. With two World Cup wins, one Olympic gold medal, and hundreds of goals to her name, Morgan dominates the field. Morgan is known for her speed and for her skills as a scorer and playmaker. This year she is playing alongside experienced players Crystal Dunn, Naomi Girma, Lindsey Horan, and Megan Rapinoe. New players adding to the team include Trinity Rodman, Sophia Smith, and Alyssa Thompson. The United States Women’s National Team is ranked number one globally. So far, the team has beaten Vietnam 3-0 and tied the Netherlands 1-1. They will face Portugal on Tuesday, August 1. Tune in to watch Morgan command the field!

Morgan, a forward, helped lead the United States Women’s National Team (USWNT) to the gold medal in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games. She also helped the USWNT win a bronze medal at the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. The 2020 Summer Olympic Games were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Forwards are primarily responsible for scoring goals for their team. In 2015 and again in 2019, Morgan helped lead the United States to FIFA Women’s World Cup tournament championships. FIFA stands for Fédération Internationale de Football Association (International Federation of Association Football). FIFA is soccer’s world governing body. Morgan previously played on the U.S. World Cup team in 2011.

Alexandra Morgan was born on July 2, 1989, in Diamond Bar, California. She did not begin playing club soccer until the age of 14. Club soccer consists of teams playing within a league, in contrast to national teams that represent a country. Her progress was so rapid that she was invited to play on the Under-17 and Under-20 national teams. She was also named a high school All-American. In 2008, Morgan scored the winning goal to make the U.S. team the Under-20 Women’s World Cup champions.

Morgan entered the University of California at Berkeley in 2007. She led the team in scoring all four of her years in college, graduating a semester early with a bachelor’s degree in political economy. Morgan was the first player selected in the 2011 draft held by Women’s Professional Soccer (WPS), the top American women’s soccer league until it ceased operations in 2012. In 2013, she joined the Portland Thorns of the National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL). She played the 2016 season with the Orlando Pride, an NWSL expansion team, before joining Olympique Lyonnais in France ‘s top women’s league. Morgan returned to Orlando in 2017. In 2020, she played a few games for Tottenham Hotspur in England before, again, returning to play for Orlando.

Morgan made her U.S. national team debut in 2010. One year later, she scored a goal and recorded an assist in the Women’s World Cup final. In 2012, Morgan led the U.S. national team in goals scored (28), assists (21), and points (77), including 3 goals and 4 assists in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games. The U.S. Soccer Federation named her the 2012 Female Athlete of the Year.

Morgan is the author of “The Kicks,” a popular series of books for middle-school readers. The books follow the adventures of four soccer-playing seventh-grade girls. The series began with Saving the Team and Sabotage Season (both 2013). Morgan’s young-adult memoir, Breakaway: Beyond the Goal, was published in 2015.

Melbourne’s skyline along the Yarra River.
Credit: © Rudy Balasko, Shutterstock

Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, has been Australia’s most populous city since 1911. However, Melbourne has surpassed  in population for the first time in over a hundred years. Officials expanded Melbourne’s city limits to include the western suburb of Melton, which added enough people to overtake Sydney. According to the 2021 census, Melbourne now has 4,875,400 residents that call it home, only 18,700 more than Sydney recorded. Researchers say Melbourne’s rapid growth is due to international immigration. Melbourne is the capital city of Victoria. Melbourne is known for celebrating diversity, affordable living costs, and strong employment and education opportunities.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics includes surrounding suburbs in the population. In some definitions that exclude surrounding suburbs, Sydney remains the most populous city in Australia. However, Melbourne is projected to pass Sydney in all definitions by 2031. What a growth spurt!

Melbourne is a busy seaport on Port Phillip Bay, on the southern coast of the Australian mainland. Melbourne is one of the nation’s largest ports and Victoria’s commercial, financial, and industrial center. The discovery of gold in Victoria in 1851 boosted Melbourne’s economy and population, making it Australia’s fastest-growing and largest city.

Prospectors discovered gold in Victoria in 1851. Gold attracted many people and laid the foundation for economic growth. Before the discovery of gold, the population of Melbourne and its suburbs was about 29,000. By 1861, the population had reached nearly 140,000, and Melbourne had become Australia’s largest city.

Mining in Victoria declined in the 1860′s. But manufacturing, encouraged by tariffs (taxes on imported goods) and the growing local market, offset the decline. Melbourne’s growth continued. City officials constructed many public buildings and developed new suburbs. Railways extended wheat farming across the Wimmera River. Officials developed port facilities to handle increasing exports of wool and grain. Melbourne had become the commercial and financial capital of Australia. This period of intense growth ended in the 1890′s, and by 1911, Sydney surpassed Melbourne in size.

Melbourne is one of Australia’s most important cities, with contributions in such areas as the arts, business, and politics. Melbourne is home to the Australian Ballet, the Melbourne Theatre Company, the Malthouse Theatre, the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, and many other performing arts companies. Opera Australia performs in the city several months each year. Arts Centre Melbourne, south of the Yarra River, includes the State Theatre, the Playhouse, and Hamer Hall, a concert hall.

Melbourne is also noted for its major sporting events. Melbourne is the original home of Australian Rules football, a contact sport somewhat similar to rugby. The city hosts several major sporting events each year. They include the Australian Open tennis championship and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix. Melbourne also hosts Australia’s most popular horse race, the Melbourne Cup, held each year at Flemington Racecourse. The race day is a public holiday in the Melbourne metropolitan area, and the race is popular with viewers worldwide.

Australian author Emily Rodda.
Credit: © Michael Small

If you find yourself surrounded by giants with golden eyes, lake creatures, sand beasts, orchard keepers, and fighting spiders, you might have fallen into Australian author Emily Rodda’s imagination. Emily Rodda is the pen name of Jennifer Rowe, an Australian writer. Rowe has also published books under the pen name Mary-Anne Dickinson.

Rodda is known for her fantasy novels for children. In her series “Deltora Quest” (2000-2006), the boy Lief and his companions embark on quests to save the magical land of Deltora from the grips of the evil Shadowlord. Rodda has authored or co-authored over 100 children’s books.

Jennifer June Rowe was born on April 2, 1948, in Sydney. Rowe attended Abbotsleigh School for Girls in Sydney. She graduated from the University of Sydney with a master’s degree in English literature in 1973. Rowe began her career in publishing as a book editor and publisher at the company Angus & Robertson. She served as editor of the magazine Australian Women’s Weekly from the 1980’s to 1992. She has been a full-time writer since 1994.

Rodda’s stories are engaging, creative, and full of surprises. Rowe submitted her first published book, Something Special (1984), under her grandmother’s name, Emily Rodda. It won the Australian Children’s Book Council Book of the Year for Younger Readers Award.

Rodda has won the award six times. She has become known for children’s fantasy series, including “Deltora Quest,” “Deltora Shadowlands” (2002), “Dragons of Deltora,” (2005), “Rowan of Rin” (1993), and “Star of Deltora” (2015-2016). An anime (Japanese animation) series based on “Deltora Quest” ran from 2007 to 2010.

She was named a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2019. Rodda has also published adult mysteries and cookbooks under her real name, Jennifer Rowe.

A saltwater crocodile attacks a feral pig in Australia
Credit: © Adam Britton, Media Drum World/Alamy Images

Normally invasive species get a bad reputation. They take over ecosystems, reproducing unchecked by predators and eating the native species’ food. The cane toad, native to Central and South America, has dominated regions of Australia, the Caribbean Islands, Florida, Hawaii, Japan, New Guinea, and the Philippines. Zebra mussels hopped aboard a ship in the Caspian Sea and have since clogged up the Great Lakes in the United States. Asian tiger mosquitoes, Burmese pythons, stink bugs, and Japanese beetles also wreak havoc in their new neighborhoods. However, in Australia, there is a plot twist in the invasive species narrative.

The feral pig was taking over Australia beating out livestock for food, damaging fences and water sources, and eating crops before harvest. The pigs were brought by European settlers in the late 1700’s. They soon took over and bred throughout the country. Scientists were beginning to worry the feral pigs would put the ecosystems past the brink of return. Then, the saltwater crocodile stepped in.

Saltwater crocodile
© Firepac, Shutterstock

The saltwater crocodile is the largest living reptile and one of the most fearsome predators on Earth. Adults can reach lengths of 23 feet (7 meters) and weighs of over 1 ton (0.9 metric tons). The saltwater crocodile has a long, low, sausage-shaped body; short legs; and a long, powerful tail, which it uses to swim. It also has a tough hide, a long snout, and sharp teeth to grasp its prey. Saltwater crocodiles have lived on the coasts of northern Australia and Southeast Asia, and on the islands between for millions of years. The saltwater crocodile is also called the estuarine crocodile and the Indo-Pacific crocodile. In Australia, it is informally called the “saltie.”

A saltwater crocodile’s diet depends greatly on its age and size. Young individuals eat crustaceans, insects, rats, and small fish. As saltwater crocodiles grow, they take increasingly larger prey, including sharks and water buffalo. Large adults may attack humans if an opportunity presents itself. The crocodile has had a menu change in recent years, giving a new meaning to the term “piggy bank.” They have recently taken to feral pigs, snatching them up when they go to the water to drink. Pork is on the menu and seems to be a permanent a-la-carte item.

Adult saltwater crocodiles have one of the strongest bites in the animal kingdom. They can close their jaws with approximately 3,700 pounds per square inch of force. In contrast, human bite force is only about 200 pounds per square inch. Those pigs do not stand a chance if the crocodiles hit the mark on the first bite!

Because they present a danger to humans, saltwater crocodiles are sometimes feared and hated by people. In northern Australia, they were hunted almost to extinction before a 1970 hunting ban enabled populations to recover. Like most other crocodiles, saltwater crocodiles are threatened by hunting, invasive species, habitat loss, and pollution. Governments across the saltwater crocodile’s range work to educate people on how to avoid attacks. Scientists in Australia studied the carbon and nitrogen isotopes in bone samples of crocodiles comparing today’s crocodiles to those from almost one hundred years ago. The study found that feral pigs had become the primary food source in the last 50 years. This finding reveals that although crocodiles used to mainly eat aquatic prey, they have adapted to eat mostly prey that lives on land! The crocodiles seem to be making a comeback with their new diet. This invasive species helped out an endangered species! You will be here for a while, crocodile!

English-born Australian actress and singer Olivia Newton-John
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Olivia Newton-John was an English-born Australian singer and actress. Her recording career extended from the 1960′s into the early 2000′s. She co-starred with John Travolta in the musical motion picture Grease (1978), one of the most popular movie musicals ever made. From that film, two of her duets with Travolta, “You’re the One that I Want” and “Summer Nights,” became hits. Newton-John won a number of Grammy Awards for her music. She passed away on Monday, Aug. 8, 2022.

Olivia Newton-John, left , and the American actor John Travolta, right , starred in the motion picture Grease (1978), one of the most successful musicals in Hollywood history.
Credit: © Paramount Pictures

Newton-John was born on Sept. 26, 1948, in Cambridge, England. She moved with her family to Australia at the age of 5. When she was 14 years old, she formed her own musical group in Melbourne. In 1966, she won the Johnny O’Keefe “Sing, Sing, Sing” talent quest. The prize was a trip to England, where she recorded her first single record. She remained in England and built her career as a singer and television performer. During the 1970′s, she worked in the United States, where she became a best-selling country singer. She won a Grammy Award as best female country vocalist for her first American album, Let Me Be There (1973).

Newton-John also starred in the motion-picture musical Xanadu (1980). She had a hit with “Magic” from that film. Her other hit recordings include ”If Not For You” (1971), “Let Me Be There” (1973), ”If You Love Me, Let Me Know” and “I Honestly Love You” (both 1974), “Have You Never Been Mellow” and “Please Mr. Please” (both 1975), “A Little More Love” (1978), “Physical” (1981), “Heart Attack” and “Twist of Fate” (both 1983), and “Livin’ in Desperate Times” (1984).

Her other films include Funny Things Happen Down Under (1965), Toomorrow (1970), Two of a Kind (1983), It’s My Party (1996), Sordid Lives (2000), Score: A Hockey Musical (2010), and A Few Best Men (2011). She also acted in a number of television series and made-for-television movies.

In 1979, Newton-John was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire for her services to the performing arts. In 2010, she was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for her services to the entertainment industry and to the community through organizations supporting breast cancer treatment, education, training and research, and the environment. She was made a Companion of the Order of Australia, a higher degree in the order, in 2019. The Order of Australia is Australia’s highest award for service to the country or to humanity. In 2020, Newton-John was made a dame commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to charity, cancer research, and entertainment. She then became known as Dame Olivia Newton-John.

Cathy Freeman, an Australian runner of Aboriginal descent, wins the women’s 400–meter race at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.
Credit: © Tony Feder, Getty Images

On your mark, get set, make history! In 2000, Australian track star Cathy Freeman became the first Aboriginal athlete to win an individual gold medal when she finished first in the 400-meter race at the Summer Olympic Games in Sydney. Freeman also was chosen to light the Olympic torch at the opening ceremony. Freeman ran a successful career and then used her platform to work for equality for Aboriginal peoples.

Catherine Astrid Salome Freeman was born in Mackay, Queensland, on Feb. 16, 1973. She began running at a young age, running her first race when she was only 8 years old. In 1990, Freeman became the first Aboriginal athlete to win gold at the Commonwealth Games at the age of 16. Freeman became a controversial figure within Australia when she carried both the Australian and Aboriginal flags as she ran a lap of honor following her victories in the 200-meter and 400-meter finals at the Commonwealth Games in 1994.

The Commonwealth Games are a sports competition for members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of independent countries and other political units, most of which formerly lived under British law and government. Like the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games are held every four years. Athletes compete in such events as badminton, boxing, cycling, field hockey, lawn bowls, rugby sevens, squash, swimming and diving, track and field, and weightlifting.

The Aboriginal Peoples of Australia are the first people who lived in Australia and their descendants. Australia’s Aboriginal peoples include peoples of mainland Australia, Tasmania, and some other nearby islands. Historically, European colonizers controlled many aspects of life in Australia. As a result, Aboriginal people were denied the right to land, citizenship, and equal opportunities. In the mid and late 1990’s, government policy changes began opening doors for Aboriginal people. When Freeman was running as a national icon, Aboriginal people were still fighting for equal rights in Australia.

She was named Young Australian of the Year in 1990 and Australian of the Year in 1998, the only person to win both titles. Freeman won the silver medal for the 400-meter run at the 1996 Olympic Games, and she won the world title in the event in 1997 and 1999. In 2003, Freeman announced her retirement from athletic competition. In 2007, she founded the Cathy Freeman Foundation, which aims to close the educational gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children.