March 30, 2012

Fossilized foot bones discovered in Ethiopia show that an unknown early human relative from East Africa had apelike feet more suited for life in the trees than for walking. Anthropologist Yohannes Haile-Selassie of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio described 3.4 million-year-old fossils in the March 28, 2012, issue of the journal Nature. The scientists concluded that the fossils are from an early hominid. (Also called hominins, hominids are the scientific family that includes human beings and early humanlike ancestors.) However, the fossils are from a foot with long digits and an opposable big toe much like those in modern apes. (An opposable digit can be placed opposite another digit, such as the human thumb to the fingers.) These feature are useful for grasping tree limbs, but they make walking upright on the ground difficult. The fossils also indicate the creature’s foot lacked a distinctive arch, a necessary feature for efficient upright walking.

These new fossils were discovered at a site called Burtele in the Afar region of northeastern Ethiopia. The site is about the same age and only a few miles from Hadar, where fossils of Australopithecus afarensis were first discovered by anthropologist Donald C. Johanson in 1974.  A. afarensis was an early humanlike creature known in part from a fossil skeleton nicknamed “Lucy.” The anatomy of Lucy and other A. afarensis fossils reveals that the creatures were small but walked upright on the ground like modern humans. Lucy’s foot anatomy shows a distinct arch and her big toe was aligned with the other four digits of the foot, the way it is in modern humans. These anatomical features allow for efficient walking on two legs on the ground. Preserved footprints at Laetoli, a site in northern Tanzania that also preserves fossil remains of A. afarensis prove that these creatures walked much the same way as modern humans do as long as 3.7 million years ago.

The skeleton of "Lucy," a prehuman ancestor that lived about 3.2 million years ago, has revealed that this australopithecine walked in much the same way as modern humans do. Lucy lived at about the same time as a newly discovered prehuman species that lived mostly in the trees. (Institute of Human Origins)

Scientists cannot assign a species name to the Burtele fossil without finding additional parts of the skeleton, such as the skull or teeth. But the fossils demonstrate that Lucy and her kind were only one of perhaps several hominid species that inhabited the forests and grasslands of East Africa more than 3 million years ago. Each species was adapted to a different habitat and likely had different anatomy and behavior, including how they moved around. As Lucy and her kind strolled along the plains, their distant cousins may have watched them pass from a perch in the trees.

Additional World Book articles:

• Evolution
• Prehistoric people
• Rethinking the Human Family Tree (a special report of historic interest)
• Anthropology 1974 (Back in Time article)
• Anthropology 1983 (Back in Time article)

Fossil skeletons of two primates who lived 1.97 million years ago may represent the oldest known direct ancestor of modern human beings, according to a report by scientists from South Africa. The fossils have been given the scientific name Australopithecus sediba.  They were discovered between 2008 and 2010 at Malapa, a cave site in South Africa, by paleoanthropologist Lee Berger from the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. Australopithecines were a group of early humanlike creatures that lived in Africa from about 4 million to about 1 million years ago.

The fossils include bones from two individuals-an adult female and a juvenile male. They were found close together, suggesting that they may have died together, perhaps by falling into an underground cavern. The fossils include nearly complete skulls, portions of the hipbones, and a rare collection of bones from the hands and feet.  The skulls show A. sediba had a small brain, about the same size as that of a chimpanzee. But a detailed study of the inside of the skull shows that the front of the brain was much more humanlike than apelike.

The hipbones are short and wide, more like those of a modern human. Anklebones and a nearly complete right hand from the adult female are nearly identical to those of a modern person, only smaller. These features show that A. sediba could walk like a modern human and could have made  and used stone tools.

Berger and his colleagues argue that A. sediba was more like a modern person than Homo habilis, another species of early human that originated in Africa around 2 million years ago. They claim that A. sediba represents a direct link between the apelike australopithecines and Homo erectus, a species that appears a bit later. Most scientists think Homo erectus was a direct ancestor to Homo sapiens, the species that includes all people living today.

Additional World Book articles:

• Prehistoric people
• Stone Age
• Homo florensiensis