December 21, 2018

On Sunday, December 23, Japanese Emperor Akihito celebrates his 85th birthday. In Japan, the emperor’s birthday is a national holiday. The holiday, called Tennō Tanjōbi in Japanese, is one of just two days during the year that the public may enter the grounds of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, the Japanese capital. The other public day is January 2, when the emperor makes a formal New Year’s greeting. Akihito has been emperor of Japan since 1989, when he succeeded his father, Hirohito. Heisei was chosen as Akihito’s reign name, and he is known as the Heisei Emperor. 

Akihito, who became emperor of Japan in 1989, is scheduled to step down in 2019. Credit: © Mark Reinstein, Shutterstock

Until after the end of World War II (1935-1945), the emperor was worshipped as a divine being in Japan. Today, despite his status as a mere mortal, the emperor remains a symbol of the nation. The emperor performs some ceremonial duties specified in the Constitution, but he does not possess any real governing power.

Emperor Hirohito, Akihito’s father, is seen here (on the white horse) in 1938. Hirohito renounced the throne’s claims to divinity in 1946. Credit: AP/Wide World

Akihito was born on Dec. 23, 1933, in Tokyo. Akihito spent his early years in the rigid seclusion preferred for sacred emperors. After 1945, the life of Japan’s imperial family changed. Akihito studied with an American tutor, Elizabeth Gray Vining. In 1953, he toured the West. His marriage to a commoner, Michiko Shoda, in 1959 was considered symbolic of Japan’s new democracy. The couple have two sons and one daughter. Crown Prince Naruhito, the oldest child, is heir to the throne.

The Imperial Palace is the home of the Japanese emperor. It stands in a beautiful parklike setting near the center of Tokyo. Stone walls and moats separate the palace grounds from the rest of the city. The settlement that became Tokyo was established in this area.
Credit: © Shutterstock

Akihito is due to step down at the end of April 2019, when Naruhito will succeed to the throne. Naruhito’s birthday, February 23, will have already passed, so the next Tennō Tanjōbi will not be until February 2020.

May 4, 2018

Today, May 4, is a holiday in Japan known as Greenery Day, a day dedicated to nature and the environment. On Greenery Day, commemorative plantings of trees take place throughout the country and events celebrate the beauty and importance of nature. Until 2007, Greenery Day was celebrated on April 29, the birthday of former Emperor Hirohito, whose reign name was Showa. Hirohito was known for his love of plants and nature.

Japan’s love of gardening and plants is celebrated on the May 4 holiday of Greenery Day. This traditional Japanese house shows the great care given to natural beauty. Credit: © SuperStock

Before being designated Greenery Day, May 4 was a national holiday already, simply because it fell between two other holidays: Constitution Day (May 3) and Children’s Day (May 5). (In Japan, a day between two holidays automatically becomes a holiday.) Add Showa Day (which replaced Greenery Day on April 29), and Japan has four holidays during a seven-day period known as “Golden Week.” Many businesses are closed during Golden Week, and many people enjoy an extended time away from work.

Greenery Day was originally celebrated on the birthday of Emperor Hirohito, seen here on a white horse in 1938. Credit: © AP Photo

Japan’s current emperor, Akihito, is expected to abdicate on April 30, 2019. His son Crown Prince Naruhito will then ascend the Chrysanthemum Throne on May 1. The government may make these days national holidays as well, in which case May 2—sandwiched between holidays—would also become a national holiday. As a result, all seven days of Japan’s spring Golden Week would be holidays. In any case, the Emperor’s Birthday holiday—December 23 for Akihito—will switch to February 23, Naruhito’s birthday.

Japan currently celebrates 16 national holidays, more than many other countries observe. The United States has 10 federal holidays. Canada has 9 (with more scheduled by province), and Australia has 7 (but more are instituted by local governments).