February 7, 2020

Tomorrow, February 8, marks 200 years since the 1820 birth of William Tecumseh Sherman, a leading Union general in the American Civil War (1861-1865). Sherman was most famous for his “march to the sea,” across Georgia, in 1864 and for his march through South and North Carolina in 1865. On these marches, Sherman’s troops destroyed much of the South’s military and economic resources.

The American Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman was born 200 years ago on Feb. 8, 1820. Credit: Library of Congress

In 1861, Sherman served as a colonel in the First Battle of Bull Run. After the battle, he was promoted to brigadier general. In 1862, Sherman fought under General Ulysses S. Grant in the Battle of Shiloh. In July 1863, he helped Grant capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, a major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. In November, he helped drive Confederate forces from Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Sherman’s march through Georgia was aimed at destroying any civilian and industrial property that might help the South continue fighting. Union troops tore up railroad tracks and burned property as they swept across the state on a path 50 miles (80 kilometers) wide. Atlanta was left in flames, shown here. Credit: Corbis-Bettmann

In 1864, Sherman led an army that captured Atlanta, Georgia, and burned most of it. He then began his “march to the sea.” On the march, his troops stripped barns, fields, and some houses. Sherman hoped that the terrible destruction would break the South’s will to continue fighting. The march ended at Savannah, Georgia, a major port near the Atlantic Ocean. Sherman then marched north through South Carolina. His troops continued to seize or destroy property in their path. Most of Columbia, the state capital, was burned. The Confederates blamed Sherman for the fire, but Sherman denied that his troops had set it. After leaving Columbia, Sherman continued north into North Carolina. There, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston tried to stop Sherman. But Johnston had only about a third as many troops as Sherman did, and Sherman continued his march. In April 1865, Johnston surrendered to Sherman near Durham, North Carolina.

Sherman was born on Feb. 8, 1820, in Lancaster, Ohio. His father, an Ohio Supreme Court justice, died when William was 9 years old. After his father’s death, William went to live with the family of Thomas Ewing, an Ohio politician. In 1840, Sherman graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He fought in Florida in the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). After the Civil War, Sherman served as commanding general of the United States Army from 1869 to 1883. He died on Feb. 14, 1891.

December 17, 2018

On Dec. 17, 1903, 115 years ago today, Ohioan brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright made the world’s first controlled flight in a machine that was piloted, power driven, and heavier than air. They flew this airplane—called the Flyer—near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. With Orville at the controls, the plane flew 120 feet (37 meters) on the first flight. It stayed in the air 12 seconds. The brothers made three more flights that day. The longest, by Wilbur, was 852 feet (260 meters) in length and lasted 59 seconds.

The American brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright built the first successful airplane. In this photograph, Wilbur looks on as Orville pilots their plane, called the Flyer, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, marking the world’s first flight in a heavier-than-air vehicle. Credit: © Classic Image/Alamy Images

After years of research and experimentation, and by studying the attempts of other would-be pilots, the Wright brothers knew that heavier-than-air flight was possible. They corresponded frequently with American engineer Octave Chanute, a friend and supporter of their work. The brothers built the Flyer in sections in their bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio. The airplane was assembled and tested on the coastal dunes of North Carolina, where their creation could, like a kite, take advantage of high winds—as well as soft sands for potential crashes.

Orville Wright. Credit: Library of Congress

After that first flight, the Wrights continued their experiments at Huffman Prairie near Dayton in 1904 and 1905. The site of their Ohio flights became Wilbur Wright Field, which evolved into the sprawling Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in 1948. The Wright brothers continued as aviation pioneers, building new airplanes, setting flight records, and developing aircraft for the U.S. military as well as for governments in other countries. Wilbur died of typhoid fever on May 30, 1912. Orville retired in 1915 but continued to work privately on aviation development until his death on Jan. 30, 1948.

Wilbur Wright. Credit: Library of Congress

Wilbur was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in New York City in 1955. Orville was elected in 1965. They were the first two individuals named to the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1962. Their first airplane, the Flyer, is displayed in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

March 8, 2013

Beaches on the coast of southern Florida were closed to swimmers this week as thousands of sharks were spotted in the waters near shore. The sharks are migrating north for summer, heading from Florida to North Carolina. This migration  takes them past the shores of many beaches frequented by tourists, including Palm Beach. Scientists estimate that there are approximately 15,000 sharks migrating–mostly blacktips (which grow to be about 5 feet, or 1.5 meters, long) and spinners (which grow to be about 10 feet, or 3 meters, long). The sharks swim about 200 yards (180 meters) out from the beach, but lifeguards closed the beaches for swimming as a safety precaution. Florida had 25 unprovoked shark attacks in 2012, although none were fatal.

The body of a shark. Sharks rarely threaten humans, but authorities will often close down beaches where sharks are sited as a precaution. (World Book illustration by Marion Pahl)

The shark migration is normal and happens every year, but it is usually earlier and does not affect beach season in Florida.  In 2013, the migration is happening during spring break for many schools. Spring break is one of Florida’s heaviest tourist seasons. Scientists are not certain why the migration is happening so late in 2013.

Additional World Book articles:

• Migration

• Shark