July 18, 2018

On July 18, 1918, 100 years ago today, activist and politician Nelson Mandela was born in the Transkei territory (now the Eastern Cape province) of South Africa. Mandela, the first black president of South Africa, was instrumental in ending apartheid, a policy of strict racial segregation, and he helped unify a very fragmented nation. His efforts earned him international admiration and a Nobel Peace Prize. Mandela is remembered as the father—or tata—of modern South Africa, where July 18th is celebrated annually as Mandela Day. Commonly called by his clan name, Madiba, Mandela died on Dec. 5, 2013, at age 95.

Nelson Mandela was the first black president of South Africa. He was born 100 years ago today on July 18, 1918. Credit: © AP Photo

To honor Mandela on what would have been his 100th birthday, South Africa issued a special set of bank notes and gold coins depicting Mandela’s upbringing in rural Eastern Cape; his 27-year incarceration; and the end of apartheid. Yesterday, on July 17, 2018, former United States President Barack Obama delivered a Mandela Day speech before 15,000 people in Johannesburg, South Africa’s largest city. The United Nations is sponsoring centenary events for its Nelson Mandela International Day and hosting a “Building on the Legacy of Nelson Mandela” exhibit at its headquarters in New York City. The Nelson Mandela Foundation is dedicating this year’s anniversary to Action Against Poverty, an independent development organization that helps poverty-stricken people in northeastern Africa.

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South Africa
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Mandela had a long history of protesting against apartheid, and he paid a heavy price for it. In 1962, he was imprisoned on charges of conspiring to overthrow the white minority government. While in prison, Mandela became a global symbol of the struggle for racial justice. After his release in 1990, he led negotiations with white leaders that eventually brought an end to apartheid and established a nonracial system of government. From 1991 to 1997, Mandela served as president of the African National Congress (ANC), a group that helped win political and civil rights for the country’s blacks.

This illustration is from Nelson Mandela, a picture book biography by African American illustrator and author Nelson Kadir. Credit: © Kadir Nelson, Harper Collins

Mandela and then-President Frederik Willem de Klerk of South Africa shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. They were honored for their work to end apartheid and to enable the country’s nonwhites to fully participate in the South African government. In 1994, South Africa held its first elections in which people of all races could vote. Blacks won a majority of the seats in a new National Assembly, and the Assembly selected Mandela to be president. The election marked the beginning of a new era in South Africa. Mandela served as president until 1999, when he retired from public service.

December 10, 2013

Dozens of world leaders joined tens of thousands of South Africans to pay tribute to the late Nelson Mandela at a national memorial service in Johannesburg. The former South African president, a key figure in ending apartheid in South Africa and the first black president of that country, died on December 5 at age 95. Delivering a eulogy in a driving rain, United States President Barack Obama described Mandela as a “giant of history” who was the last great liberator of the 20th Century. “It took a man like Madiba to free not just the prisoner, but the jailer as well; to show that you must trust others so that they may trust you,” declared President Obama, to a standing ovation. (Madiba is Mr. Mandela’s clan name.)

In a second eulogy, United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon emphasized Nelson Mandela’s ability to forgive: “He showed the awesome power of forgiveness–and of connecting people with each other and with the true meaning of peace. That was his unique gift–and that was the lesson he shared with all humankind.”

Nelson Mandela was the first black president of South Africa. He had long been a major figure in the struggle for racial justice. (AP Photo)

The service, held at a vast soccer stadium, was attended by at least 90 current or former heads of state or government, perhaps the largest such gathering in history. The United States was represented by President and Mrs. Obama as well as by former presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Toward the end of the service, President Obama shook hands with Cuban President Raul Castro, brother of Fidel Castro, a long-time American adversary. Political experts note that the gesture will likely stir much comment, both on the left and the right.

Nelson Mandela’s remains are to lie in state in Pretoria, South Africa’s executive capital, for three days. The funeral will take place on December 15 in his remote boyhood village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape region.

Other World Book articles:

• South Africa, History of
• South Africa 1990 (a Back in Time article)

Other sites or videos of interest: 

• African National Congress: The Nelson Mandela Page
• Frontline: The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela

December 6, 2013

Nelson Mandela, a key figure in ending apartheid in South Africa and the first black president of that country, died yesterday at age 95. Mandela had been in poor health for several years.

Mandela fought for many years to end the South African government’s policy of rigid racial segregation. Blacks make up about three-fourths of the nation’s population. But until 1994, South African law denied them the right to vote in national elections and to participate in the national government. In the first elections held in South Africa in which people of all races could vote, Mandela was elected president. He served from 1994 to 1999.

Nelson Mandela is sworn in as president of South Africa in May 1994. (© Mike Persson, Gamma Press)

Mandela was born in Umtata, capital of the Transkei territory (now in Eastern Cape province) in southeastern South Africa. His father was a chief of the Xhosa-speaking Tembu people. To pursue a career in law, Mandela gave up his right to succeed his father as chief. After earning a bachelor’s degree in 1943, he studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand. In 1952, he and another political activist, Oliver Tambo, opened the first black law partnership in South Africa. The men had been  founding members in 1944 of the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC).

The ANC party, founded in 1912, fought to gain political and civil rights for the country’s blacks and other nonwhites. The South African government outlawed the ANC in 1960. The ANC then began a policy of violent resistance to apartheid. In 1961, Mandela became the commander-in-chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), an organization that advocated armed struggle against apartheid. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and convicted in 1964 of sabotage and conspiracy. He was sentenced to life in prison. He spent the next 27 years as a political prisoner of South Africa. He slept on the floor of a cell that had no bed, performed hard labor in a rock quarry, and was permitted only one letter every six months.

During the time of Mandela’s imprisonment, people around the world became more aware of the injustice of South Africa’s apartheid system and of the plight of its political prisoners. Political activists from around the world circulated petitions calling for South Africa’s captives to be freed. Governments began sanctions against South Africa, refusing to sell the nation arms or to engage in trade with South Africa. Mandela’s wife at the time of his imprisonment, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, also spoke out on his behalf.

Eventually, the pressure on the government of South Africa was too great, and in early 1990, Frederik Willem de Klerk lifted the ban on the African National Congress (ANC). On Feb. 11, 1990, Mandela was released from prison. He became president of the ANC in 1991, where he urged a policy of working with the white government of de Klerk during the transitional time at the end of apartheid rule. Mandela and de Klerk won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

Mandela never planned on running for a second term as president. After his retirement from politics in 1999, he became an esteemed elder statesman and worked to promote social justice. He campaigned widely to increase awareness of AIDS.

Other World Book articles:

• South Africa, History of
• South Africa 1990 (a Back in Time article)

Other sites or videos of interest: 

• African National Congress: The Nelson Mandela Page
• Frontline: The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela

June 27, 2013

Former President of South Africa  Nelson Mandela, age 94, remains hospitalized in Pretoria in critical condition. Mandela, increasingly frail, was hospitalized on June 8 for a recurring lung infection. His lung problems date to the period in which he was a political prisoner on Robben Island, where he was held for nearly two decades.

Mandela fought for many years to end apartheid—the South African government’s policy of rigid racial segregation. Blacks make up about three-fourths of the nation’s population. But until 1994, South African law denied them the right to vote in national elections and to participate in the national government. In the first elections held in South Africa in which people of all races could vote, Mandela was elected president. He served from 1994 to 1999.

Nelson Mandela is sworn in as president of South Africa in May 1994. (© Mike Persson, Gamma Press)

Mandela was born in Umtata, capital of the Transkei territory (now in Eastern Cape province) in southeastern South Africa. His father was a chief of the Xhosa-speaking Tembu people. To pursue a career in law, Mandela gave up his right to succeed his father as chief. After earning a bachelor’s degree in 1943, he studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand. In 1952, he and another political activist, Oliver Tambo, opened the first black law partnership in South Africa. The men had been  founding members in 1944 of the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC).

The ANC party, founded in 1912, fought to gain political and civil rights for the country’s blacks and other nonwhites. The South African government outlawed the ANC in 1960. The ANC then began a policy of violent resistance to apartheid. In 1961, Mandela became the commander-in-chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), an organization that advocated armed struggle against apartheid. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and convicted in 1964 of sabotage and conspiracy. He was sentenced to life in prison. He spent the next 27 years as a political prisoner of South Africa. He slept on the floor of a cell that had no bed, performed hard labor in a rock quarry, and was permitted only one letter every six months.

During the time of Mandela’s imprisonment, people around the world became more aware of the injustice of South Africa’s apartheid system and of the plight of its political prisoners. Political activists from around the world circulated petitions calling for South Africa’s captives to be freed. Governments began sanctions against South Africa, refusing to sell the nation arms or to engage in trade with South Africa. Mandela’s wife at the time of his imprisonment, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, also spoke out on his behalf.

Eventually, the pressure on the government of South Africa was too great, and in early 1990, Frederik Willem de Klerk lifted the ban on the African National Congress (ANC). On Feb. 11, 1990, Mandela was released from prison. He became president of the ANC in 1991, where he urged a policy of working with the white government of de Klerk during the transitional time at the end of apartheid rule. Mandela and de Klerk won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

Mandela never planned on running for a second term as president. After his retirement from politics in 1999, he became an esteemed elder statesman and worked to promote social justice. He campaigned widely to increase awareness of AIDS.

Other World Book articles:

• South Africa, History of
• South Africa 1990 (a Back in Time article)

Other sites or videos of interest: 

• African National Congress: The Nelson Mandela Page
• Frontline: The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela

Jan. 10, 2012

Tens of thousands of South Africans and at least 45 heads of state attended a rally on January 8 at Bloemfontein, South Africa, to celebrate the 100^th anniversary of the African National Congress (ANC). The rally was part of three days of festivities. Speaking at the rally, President Jacob Zuma paid tribute to his predecessors as leaders of the ANC, particularly Nelson Mandela, who led the party to power. The 93-year-old Mandela was not able to attend the celebration because of his frail health. President Zuma declared that the ANC now stands for the democratic values of equality and quoted the preamble to the ANC’s freedom charter: “South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people.”

Nelson Mandela (left) takes the oath of office for the presidency of South Africa in May 1994. Mandela was elected president in the country's first elections open to all races. © Mike Persson, Gamma Press

The ANC was founded in Bloemfontein on Jan. 8, 1912, to defend the political rights of black South Africans. In 1948, the government of South Africa instigated a policy of rigid racial segregation called apartheid. Young ANC members, led by Mandela, resisted the new laws, chiefly through civil disobedience. When the government outlawed the ANC in 1960, the ANC then began a policy of violent resistance to apartheid. Numerous members, including Mandela, were imprisoned. 

In 1993, the country extended voting rights to all races, and democratic elections were held in 1994. The ANC won the majority of seats in the Parliament, and South Africa’s white leaders handed over power to the country’s first multiracial government. Nelson Mandela, who had spent 27 years in prison, became South Africa’s first black president.

Additional World Book articles

• Back in Time 1948 (South Africa)
• Back in Time 1950 (South Africa)
• Back in Time 1960 (South Africa)
• Back in Time 1990 (South Africa)
• Back in Time 1993 (South Africa)
• Back in Time 1994 (South Africa)