Bruno Dey, a former guard at the Stutthof concentration camp, hides his face as he is wheeled into a courtroom in 2020. The 93-year-old Dey was convicted of complicity in the murder of 5,230 people at the German-run camp during World War II (1939-1945).
Credit: © Christian Charisius, AFP/Getty Images

In July 2020, a 93-year-old man was found guilty of helping Nazis murder thousands of people while serving as a guard at a concentration camp in Poland during World War II (1939-1945). The former Nazi guard, Bruno Dey, was convicted (declared guilty) of 5,230 counts of accessory to murder, meaning that he aided in over 5,000 deaths. The number of charges represents the number of people believed to have been killed in the Stutthof concentration camp.

The Nazis, led by the dictator Adolf Hitler, controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945. The Nazi government operated concentration camps at which people—many of them Jews—were imprisoned and forced to work. In some cases, these people were killed without legal proceedings. The imprisoned people also included socialists, Communists, priests, homosexuals, and political prisoners, among others.

Although Dey is 93, he was tried in a juvenile court, because he was 17 when he committed the crimes. Juvenile court is a special court that handles cases involving children accused of crimes. During the trial, Holocaust survivors spoke of their horrific experiences in the Stutthof camp. The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II.

Such survival stories are not restricted to courtrooms. Rather, stories, possessions, and photographs from the Holocaust have been collected in museums throughout the world. The Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., features films, photographs, eyewitness accounts, and various objects from the Holocaust. The museum is devoted to teaching the history of the Holocaust.

Given his advanced age, Dey is perhaps one of the last participants in the Holocaust to be convicted. In recent years, German courts have tried many people who participated by either rounding up Jews or operating concentration camps. These efforts have become urgent, because many of these participants are now in their 90’s.

Trials to convict Nazis began soon after the end of World War II. Chief among these were the Nuremberg Trials (1945-1949). These trials were the first successful war crimes trials conducted against senior Nazi officials. Another prominent trial was that of Adolf Eichmann, a lieutenant colonel in the Nazi secret police. In 1961, he was convicted and executed for his part in the killing of about 6 million Jews during World War II.

Protesters with a sign featuring George Floyd’s plea to the officer who knelt on his neck: “I can’t breathe.”
Credit: © Kerem Yucel, AFP/Getty Images

Protests erupted in cities throughout the United States (and even around the world) this week, with people taking to the streets to demonstrate against racism and the police use of force against African Americans. Many protests have remained peaceful, but some have turned violent, with law enforcement shooting protesters with rubber bullets and tear gas and rioters setting fires and raiding stores.

The latest round of protests began in Minneapolis, where George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, died in police custody on May 25. Cellphone video captured by witnesses showed a white police officer kneeling on the handcuffed Floyd’s neck for several minutes before his death. The officer, Derek Chauvin, was subsequently fired and charged with murder.

George Floyd, shown here, died in police custody on May 25, 2020, sparking protests against police use of force.
Credit: Offices of Ben Crump Law

From Minneapolis, protests spread to practically every major city in the United States, including Atlanta, Georgia; Los Angeles, California; and Chicago, Illinois. Some law enforcement buildings were set on fire. In several cities, protesters raided or destroyed businesses. Protests began in cities outside the United States, too. In Berlin and London, for example, people marched through the streets in solidarity (unity) with American protesters.

Floyd’s death came in the wake of two other high-profile killings of African Americans at the hands of white people. On Feb. 3, 2020, in Georgia, an African American man named Ahmaud Arbery was shot and killed while jogging. (Arbery’s killers were not law enforcement officers, but many people were angered when it took months of pressure for arrests to be made in the case.) On March 13, 2020, in Louisville, Kentucky, an African American woman named Breonna Taylor was shot and killed by police officers executing a search warrant, who broke into her home in the middle of the night.

Demonstrations throughout the world featured signs reading “Black Lives Matter.” This slogan has become a popular rallying cry in recent years. It is also the name of an activist movement. Black Lives Matter was formed to campaign against racism and what its members consider police brutality against African Americans.

The international protests were set against the backdrop of a pandemic (global outbreak) of the coronavirus disease COVID-19. Since March, much of the country has been under strict lockdown to help in social distancing. Protests led people out of their homes to demand justice, but some authorities worried that chaotic public gatherings could contribute to the further spread of the disease.

February 14, 2020

Tomorrow, February 15, is the 200th anniversary of the birth of the women’s rights activist and reformer Susan B. Anthony in 1820. She is best known for helping organize the woman suffrage movement, which worked to get women the right to vote. Anthony, who was arrested for voting in 1872, died on March 13, 1906. In 1920, 100 years ago, her lifelong dream came true as the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States became law, giving women the right to vote.

Susan B. Anthony was born 200 years ago on Feb. 15, 1820. Credit: Library of Congress

Anthony was born in Adams, Massachusetts. Her family were Quakers, who became known for their belief in the equality of men and women. Anthony’s family supported major reforms, such as temperance, the campaign to abolish alcoholic beverages, and the abolition of slavery.

From 1839 to 1849, Anthony taught school. She then joined the temperance movement. But most temperance groups consisted of men who did not allow women to help the movement. In 1852, she attended a temperance rally in Albany, New York, but was not allowed to speak because she was a woman. Soon after, she formed the Woman’s State Temperance Society of New York.

The Anthony dollar, minted for circulation in 1979 and 1980, honored woman suffrage leader Susan B. Anthony. A profile of Susan B. Anthony is on the front and the American eagle is on the reverse. Credit: WORLD BOOK photo by James Simek

Through her temperance work, Anthony became increasingly conscious of the disparity in rights between men and women. In 1851, she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a leader of the women’s rights movement. The two women became close friends and co-workers. Soon, Anthony devoted herself completely to women’s rights and became a leader of the movement.

Before and during the American Civil War (1861-1865), Anthony and Stanton supported abolitionism. After the war, however, they broke away from those who had been involved in the abolitionist movement. Many of these people showed little interest in woman suffrage and supported the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment gave the vote to black men, but not to women. In 1869, Anthony and Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association and worked for a woman suffrage amendment to the Constitution. In 1872, Anthony voted in the presidential election and was arrested and fined $100 (a large sum at the time), but she vehemently refused to pay it.

From 1881 to 1886, Anthony and Stanton coedited three volumes of a book called History of Woman Suffrage. Anthony published a fourth volume of the book in 1902. In 1904, she established the International Woman Suffrage Alliance with Carrie Chapman Catt, another leader of the suffrage movement.

January 20, 2020

Yesterday, January 19, was the 100th anniversary of the founding of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a nonpartisan organization devoted to defending the rights and freedoms of people in the United States. The ACLU works mainly by providing lawyers and legal advice for individuals and groups in local, state, and federal courts. ACLU officials also testify before state and federal legislative committees, advise government officials, and conduct educational programs. The chief goal of the ACLU is to protect the fundamental rights of individuals as described in the Constitution of the United States.

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ACLU logo. Credit: © ACLU

In 1917, a group of social activists founded the National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB) to support the Bill of Rights. The NCLB was led by Roger Baldwin, a social worker and civil rights champion, and Crystal Eastman, a lawyer and leader in the woman suffrage and equal rights movements. The NCLB became the ACLU in 1920, the same year that women in the United States won the right to vote.

The ACLU has defended the constitutional rights of a wide range of individuals and groups. It played an important part in Supreme Court rulings that guaranteed legal aid to poor people. The group has supported fair treatment of conscientious objectors, people whose conscience does not allow them to take part in war. The ACLU urged the desegregation of schools and promoted the African American civil rights movement. One of the current goals of the ACLU is the abolition of capital punishment. The group also calls for further restrictions on government investigative agencies and for stricter separation of church and state. In addition, it seeks greater protection for the rights of immigrants who enter the United States without the required papers and for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.

The ACLU has played a significant part in some of the landmark civil rights cases in American history. The ACLU backed both biology teacher John Scopes and attorney Clarence Darrow in the Scopes trial of 1925, which challenged a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of evolution in schools. During World War II (1939-1945), the ACLU fought against the internment of Japanese Americans. In 1954, the ACLU joined with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to challenge racial segregation in public schools. The ACLU defended individual freedom of speech in 1968 and women’s reproductive rights in 1973. In 1978, the ACLU famously defended the free speech of an American Nazi group who wanted to march in Illinois. The ACLU believes that constitutional rights apply to everyone regardless of individual ideology.

December 19, 2019

Yesterday, December 18, the United States House of Representatives impeached President Donald Trump. Impeachment is the formal accusation of serious misconduct against a government official. In this case, the accusations of misconduct against President Trump include the abuse of presidential power and the obstruction of Congress—charges that are explained below. Impeachment is an extraordinary check on presidential power. The Constitution specifies that officials shall be removed from office after impeachment for, and conviction of, “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” No president, however, has ever been removed from office under the terms of impeachment.

Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi speaks to the media following the vote to impeach President Donald Trump on Dec. 18, 2019, in Washington, D.C. Credit: © Sarah Silbiger, Getty Images

In the articles of impeachment, Trump is accused of abusing his power as president by asking a foreign government—that of Ukraine—to investigate a political rival. Asking a foreign government to interfere in the U.S. political system is forbidden by the U.S. Constitution. Trump is accused of pressuring the president of Ukraine to investigate former Vice President Joe Biden, a leading Democratic contender in the 2020 presidential election. Trump is also accused of obstructing the congressional investigation into the matter. Despite admitting that he asked Ukraine to investigate Biden, Trump insists he did nothing wrong, and he has called the impeachment process a “witch hunt.”

On Dec. 18, 2019, Donald Trump became the third U.S. president in history to be impeached by the House of Representatives. Credit: The White House

Wednesday’s impeachment vote in the House fell almost entirely along political party lines. The abuse of power charge was approved by a vote of 230-197 (229 Democrats and 1 Independent voted in favor; 2 Democrats opposed the charge, as did all 195 Republicans who continued to support Trump, a Republican; 4 other representatives did not take part). The second charge, of obstruction of Congress, was approved by a vote of 229-198 (228 Democrats and 1 Independent in favor; 3 Democrats and 195 Republicans opposed; 4 not taking part). In January, the impeachment process is due to pass to the Senate, where a trial will determine whether to convict the president and remove him from office. Republicans have a majority in the Senate, so reaching the two-thirds vote required for conviction is unlikely.

Trump is the third U.S. president to be impeached. In 1998, the House of Representatives impeached President Bill Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice. The charges developed out of Clinton’s efforts to conceal an improper sexual relationship. The House sent its findings to the Senate, which conducted a trial and found Clinton not guilty. In 1868, the House impeached President Andrew Johnson, who had inherited a wartime dispute between his predecessor, President Abraham Lincoln, and Congress over how to treat the South after the Civil War. After impeachment, a Senate vote failed to remove Johnson from office. Another president, Richard Nixon, resigned from office while facing impeachment in 1974 for his involvement in the Watergate scandal.

March 27, 2018

On Saturday, March 24, more than a million people around the world participated in March For Our Lives protests against gun violence, mass shootings, and school shootings in the United States. The U.S. protests centered on Washington, D.C., where people called on lawmakers to pass gun control legislation. The protests were planned and led by students from Marjory Stoneman Douglas (MSD) High School in the Miami, Florida, suburb of Parkland, where a mass shooting killed 17 students and faculty on February 14.

Hundreds of thousands of people crowd Washington, D.C., streets during the March For Our Lives protest against gun violence on March 24, 2018. Credit: © Nicole S. Glass, Shutterstock

MSD students and other gun crime survivors from across the country spoke to hundreds of thousands of people along Pennsylvania Avenue, with the White House and the U.S. Capitol looming in the background. The emotional speeches were punctuated with cheers, tears, and chants of “no more guns” and “no more NRA,” a reference to the powerful pro-gun group, the National Rifle Association. The NRA has been effective at persuading members of Congress to block the passage of gun control bills, arguing that such bills violate the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. “Vote them out!” was another protesters’ chant aimed squarely at those NRA-influenced members of Congress. Many hand-painted signs carried among the crowds read “Graduations, not funerals,” “Protect kids not guns,” and “Am I next?”

Credit: © March For Our Lives

The most stirring moment came when 18-year old MSD student Emma González named her dead classmates and teachers and then paused in silence until she had used up 6 minutes and 20 seconds—the amount of time it took for the gunman to take 17 lives at her high school. Naomi Wadler, an 11-year-old speaker from Virginia, declared “Never again!” on behalf of black women and girl victims of gun violence. Never Again is the name of another student-led movement pushing for tighter gun regulations. Singers Miley Cyrus, Ariana Grande, Jennifer Hudson, and Lin-Manuel Miranda performed at the Washington rally, which was also attended and supported by thousands of parents and teachers as well as numerous Democratic politicians and entertainment celebrities.

“Sibling” March For Our Lives protests took place throughout the United States, with large events in such cities as Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City. The nationwide rallies also encouraged voter registration, particularly for students about to turn 18 and vote for the fist time. Former president Barack Obama voiced his support for the protesters and the voting drive, saying “You’re leading us forward. Nothing can stand in the way of millions of voices calling for change.” Solidarity events also took place in such world cities as Berlin, London, Paris, Rome, Sydney, and Tokyo.

Saturday’s March For Our Lives followed a 17-minute school walkout (one minute for each MSD shooting victim) that took nearly a million U.S. high school students briefly out of classes on March 14. The massacre at MSD High School was the most recent in a long line of school shootings in the United States. The worst came at Sandy Hook Elementary in Connecticut in 2012, when 26 people were killed. Another national school walkout is planned for April 20 to commemorate the 1999 Columbine High School shooting in which 13 people died.

March 8, 2018

In 1918, 100 years ago, the Congress of the United States passed the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to help protect wild birds in North America from extinction. Bird populations, ravaged by habitat loss, overhunting, and pollution, had dropped sharply in the years leading up to the act. The MBTA helped preserve those populations and allowed them to recover and thrive. In late 2017, however, the administration of President Donald Trump weakened the protections provided by the MBTA, calling them an unnecessary burden to industry.

Bald eagles are one of more than 1,000 bird species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. Credit: © FloridaStock/Shutterstock

The widespread and largely unregulated growth of industry led to new pollution problems in the United States in the late 1800′s and early 1900′s. Wildlife of all sorts were threatened by pollution as well as the reduction of forests, wetlands, and other natural habitats. At that time, nongame birds in particular were threatened by the commercial trade in birds and bird feathers—especially in millinery (ladies’ hats). Species such as the sandhill crane, the snowy egret, and the wood duck were hunted to near extinction. The National Audubon Society and other conservation groups pushed Congress to pass the MBTA, which made it illegal to harm or kill migratory birds, either intentionally by hunting or “unintentionally” as a by-product of industry.

The MBTA saved millions of birds from the feather fashion trend (which did not last) and from many environmentally detrimental industrial practices. Congress levied heavy fines against industries that did not take common sense steps to prevent bird deaths. For example, a company could be fined for having oil, gas, or tar waste pits that birds mistake for typical ponds (resulting in poison deaths), or for having unmarked power transmission lines (resulting in collision or electrocution deaths). And in the case of environmental disasters, MBTA fines helped pay for the recovery of bird habitats. After the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, BP, one of the world’s largest international oil companies, paid a $100 million fine under the MBTA (part of a much larger overall settlement). Most industries have readily complied with the MBTA over its long history.

On the eve of the MBTA’s 100th anniversary, however, the Trump administration changed how the act would be interpreted. The Department of the Interior said it would punish only the intentional killing of migratory birds. This move frees industries from responsibility for the “unintentional” killing of birds through environmentally unsound practices. The feather fashion industry may have gone away, but pollution has not; natural habitats continue to disappear, and environmental disasters continue to happen. Migratory birds have recovered largely because of the industrial application of the MBTA. Without it, birds are once again at the mercy of industry, which is much less likely to invest in precautionary measures to prevent bird deaths.

January 18, 2018

In October 2017, claims of sexual harassment and misconduct among certain Hollywood personalities led to the explosion of a global social media movement known as Me Too. Also known by its internet hashtag #MeToo, the movement is a forum for victims of sexual assault to tell their personal experiences. The recent Me Too movement joined a similar movement of the same name that began years earlier. The vast numbers associated with #MeToo—the hashtag has been used millions of times on social media—have revealed the widespread problem of sexual harassment around the world. Through Me Too, millions of women—and men—have come forward to help ease the pain and guilt often felt by victims of sexual assault.

The Me Too movement began in 2006 and exploded on the social media scene in 2017. Credit: © Mihai Surdu, Shutterstock

Me Too was originally begun in 2006 by civil rights activist Tarana Burke to organize women of color against sexual abuse. Burke was inspired to use the phrase after being unable to respond to a young girl who confided to her that she had been sexually assaulted. Burke later wished she had simply told the girl, “me too.” Burke worked quietly on the issue for years, and is now senior director for Brooklyn’s Girls for Gender Equity (GGE), a nonprofit organization committed to the physical, psychological, social, and economic development of girls and women.

In 2017, as news broke of widespread sexual abuse in Hollywood, actress Alyssa Milano (unaware of Burke’s existing movement) wrote on Twitter, “If all the women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted wrote ‘Me too’ as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem.” The combined Me Too forces created a worldwide forum for victims of sexual abuse. Numerous Hollywood celebrities have been accused of inappropriate sexual behavior through Me Too, as have many people in government, the media and music industries, and other highly visible occupations.

Time magazine named the “silence breakers” of the #MeToo movement as the magazine’s collective Person of the Year for 2017. Sexual assault victims who speak out are silence breakers because many people keep quiet about the experience which caused them psychological and perhaps physical harm. The negative consequences of speaking out can be daunting, and often the perpetrators of sexual assault go unpunished.

Beyond the Me Too movement, sexual abuse scandals in churches, schools, and athletic organizations have emerged in numerous places, most recently in Australia, Chile, India, and the United States. The World Health Organization estimates that one in three women in the world has experienced sexual violence.

February 9, 2017

On January 30, Australian lawyer and judge Susan Kiefel became the first woman chief justice of the High Court of Australia. The High Court, similar to the Supreme Court of the United States, decides constitutional questions and serves as the ultimate court of appeal in Australia. Kiefel has served as a judge on the High Court since 2007.

High Court Chief Justice Susan Kiefel. Credit: High Court of Australia

Susan Mary Kiefel was born on Jan. 17, 1954, in Cairns, in the northern Australian state of Queensland. In 1969, she dropped out of high school. Over the next few years, she completed her secondary schooling at night while working full time as a legal secretary. She then studied law at night while continuing to work during the day. In 1975, she became a barrister (lawyer who has the right to argue cases in higher courts) of the Supreme Court of Queensland, the highest court in the state.

In 1985, Kiefel earned a master of laws degree from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. In 1987, she was appointed queen’s counsel. A queen’s counsel is a distinguished barrister who serves as legal adviser to the British Crown.

From 1993 to 1994, Kiefel was a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. In 1994, she was appointed to serve as a judge of the Federal Court of Australia, a position she held until 2007. The Federal Court of Australia hears cases involving trade practices; bankruptcy; industrial disputes; and administrative law, which is the field of law that centers on the operations of government agencies. From 2004 to 2007, Kiefel also served as a judge of the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island, an Australian territory in the South Pacific Ocean. In 2007, she was appointed to serve as a judge on the High Court of Australia. In 2011, she was made a Companion in the Order of Australia. The Order of Australia is an award for service to the country or to humanity.

January 12, 2017

On Dec. 28, 2016, President Barack Obama created two new large protected areas in the southwestern United States: the Bears Ears National Monument in southeastern Utah and Gold Butte National Monument in southern Nevada. To do so, the president used the executive power provided by the 1906 Antiquities Act. The act, meant to stop looting and destruction at prehistoric American Indian sites, gives the president the power to establish national monuments on federal land. Obama’s December actions protected some 2,500 square miles (6,475 square kilometers) of fragile and important desert landscapes, adding to his legacy of environmental protection.

Bears Ears National Monument in southeastern Utah protects one of the most significant cultural landscapes in the United States, an area with thousands of archaeological sites and other areas of beauty and importance. Credit: Bureau of Land Management

Bears Ears National Monument contains numerous sites considered sacred by Native American groups. The monument protects ancient petroglyphs (rock carvings), cliffside dwellings, and lands traditionally used by Navajo and other native groups to forage for wild plants used for food and herbal remedies. The protected lands will remain open for livestock grazing. The monument is to be administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Forest Service, in conjunction with an association representing native groups.

Gold Butte National Monument protects a beautiful and culturally significant desert landscape northeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. Credit: Bureau of Land Management

Gold Butte National Monument in southern Nevada contains striking rock formations, forests of Joshua trees, ancient Native American sites, rare fossils, and a number of ecologically sensitive areas. The monument, known to many as “Nevada’s Piece of the Grand Canyon,” will continue to allow such recreational activities as hunting and fishing.

Conservationists, Native American groups, and many others applauded the president’s actions. Opponents of the monument designations included state legislators and county leaders who preferred the lands be used for mineral and fossil fuel exploration.

Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to use the Antiquities Act when he protected Wyoming’s Devils Tower in 1906. In 1908, Roosevelt also set aside 1,250 square miles (3,200 square kilometers) in Arizona’s Grand Canyon, creating a forerunner of the popular national park. Since taking office in 2009, Obama has used the Antiquities Act more than any other president, establishing or expanding more than two dozen new national monuments.

Throughout Obama’s presidency, his administration has taken numerous steps to combat global climate change, promote energy efficiency, and create or extend protections in areas of scenic, historic, and ecological importance.